Tag Archives: arduino

Local Weather forecasting

Just a quick note to enquicken someone else’s google seaches in the future,

For local weather forecasting based on ambient air pressure, the algorithm you need is the Zambretti algorithm .

The original Hackaday article on this is here:
https://hackaday.com/tag/weather-forecast/

And some useful matlab code to get you started is here:
https://w4krl.com/zambretti-forecaster/

Finally, some tags to help google air pressure wheel forecast ambient air pressure bmp280 bmp180 air pressure forecast etc.

Arduino ethernet hardware watchdog

So I have a few raspberry pis that (3 in fact!), and sometimes have them set up for remote access such as a raspberry pi webcam using the raspberry pi camera, web servers, remote power socket control, weather monitoring, energy usage – the usual geeky stuff.

Various raspberry pi projects of mine!

Anyway, sometimes the thing runs smoothly and reliably for years on end without problems (usually the less you tinker with it!), surviving power cuts and what have you. My first Model B Rev 1 Pi (thanks Dad!) is an example of these. It ran for years monitoring temperature/humidity and air pressure, before finally being shutdown due to a house move (someday i’ll have to resurrect it!).

Sometimes however, things don’t go to plan and Linux will crash or lock up, or the network interface will go down on power cuts. For instance I once wrote a script to restore the wifi connection of a pi in my GF’s locked and empty house using a lovely blackberry smartphone while sitting in a buddy’s car eating kfc chicken outside. But that’s another story! (Thanks Andy!). It usually happens right when you’re away the Pi and trying to login remotely!

I tried using the raspberry pi watchdog timer (see here: Raspberry pi Watchdog timer), but this didn’t seem to fix the problem

So I built an Arduino hardware watchdog that keeps an eye on the ping result of a host on the network, and reboots the device if it fails tor respond. IT has a 16×02 lcd to display current action/state although someday i’d like to have leds for each state instead. with a button to manually reboot.

The project utilized a remote control socket (from Maplin, RIP), an arduino uno with an ethernet shield and a 16×02 lcd shield (with pin 10 bent out to prevent issues between the ethernet shield and the lcd shield backlight) plus a 433mhz tx module and the rcswitch library.

Maplin/Wilko remote sockets, available here 

code below

/*
Ping Example

This example sends an ICMP pings every 500 milliseconds, sends the human-readable
result over the serial port.

Circuit:
Ethernet shield attached to pins 10, 11, 12, 13
433mhz tx module on pin 2
LCD on pins 8, 9, 4, 5, 6, 7

Pin 10 of the LCD bent out of socket to prevent issues caused by the backlight

created 30 Sep 2010
by Blake Foster

Modified by Garreth Tinsley

*/
const int txDataPin = 2;

#include <SPI.h>
#include <Ethernet.h>
#include <ICMPPing.h>
#include <RCSwitch.h> // for 433 tx module/remote switch control
#include <LiquidCrystal.h> // For LCD
long retrytimeout = 15L * 1000L; //recheck every 15 seconds
long cycletimeout = 120000;
long starttime;
long currtime;

bool looptwice = false;

byte mac[] = {0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xFE, 0xED}; // max address for ethernet shield
//byte ip[] = {192,168,2,177}; // ip address for ethernet shield
IPAddress pingAddr(192, 168, 1, 2); // ip address to ping

SOCKET pingSocket = 0;

char buffer [256];
ICMPPing ping(pingSocket, (uint16_t)random(0, 255));
RCSwitch mySwitch = RCSwitch();
LiquidCrystal lcd(8, 9, 4, 5, 6, 7); // initialize the LCD library with the numbers of the interface pins

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(“Rebooter 0.2”);
//0.1 it works!
//0.2 it works an is neater (lcd printing countdown, ip addr print not . after last octet, padding seconds)
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(“starting…”);
Serial.begin(9600);
// start the Ethernet connection:
if (Ethernet.begin(mac) == 0) {

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(“IP DHCP CONFIG”);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(“Failed! Halting.”);
// no point in carrying on, so do nothing forevermore:
while (true) {
Serial.println(“no dhcp, halted”);
delay(1000);
};
}

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(“IP DHCP CONFIG”);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
printIPAddress();
delay(2000);

//start the rc tx module
mySwitch.enableTransmit(txDataPin);
}

void loop()
{
lcd.clear();
ICMPEchoReply echoReply = ping(pingAddr, 4);
if (echoReply.status == SUCCESS)
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(“Ping succeeded.”);
sprintf(buffer,
“Reply[%d] from: %d.%d.%d.%d: bytes=%d time=%ldms TTL=%d”,
echoReply.data.seq,
echoReply.addr[0],
echoReply.addr[1],
echoReply.addr[2],
echoReply.addr[3],
REQ_DATASIZE,
millis() – echoReply.data.time,
echoReply.ttl);

starttime = millis();
currtime = starttime;
long prevtime = starttime;

while (currtime <= starttime + cycletimeout) {
if (currtime >= prevtime + 1000) {
//update the lcd every second
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(“retest in: “);
lcdPrintSecondsQuad(((starttime + cycletimeout) – currtime) / 1000L);

//lcd.print(“s”);
prevtime = currtime;
}
delay(100);
currtime = millis();
}

}
else
{
sprintf(buffer, “Echo request failed; %d”, echoReply.status);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(“Ping failed”);

//ensure ping has failed twice consecutively
if (looptwice == true) {

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(“Switching off…”);
/* See Example: TypeB two rotary */
mySwitch.switchOff(4, 4);

delay(3000);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(“Switching on…”);
mySwitch.switchOn(4, 4);

lcd.clear();
lcd.print(“Waiting 1 minute”);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(“please wait…”);
looptwice = false;
//delay(cycletimeout);

starttime = millis();
currtime = starttime;
long prevtime = starttime;

while (currtime <= starttime + cycletimeout) {
if (currtime >= prevtime + 1000) {
//update the lcd ever second
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(“reteest in: “);
lcd.print(((starttime + cycletimeout) – currtime) / 1000L);
lcd.print(“s”);
prevtime = currtime;
}
delay(100);
currtime = millis();
}

}
else {
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(“retest in 15s”);

looptwice = true;

starttime = millis();
currtime = starttime;
long prevtime = starttime;

while (currtime <= starttime + retrytimeout) {
if (currtime >= prevtime + 1000) {
//update the lcd ever second
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(“retest in: “);
lcdPrintSecondsQuad(((starttime + cycletimeout) – currtime) / 1000L);
prevtime = currtime;
}
delay(100);
currtime = millis();
}

delay(retrytimeout);
}
}
Serial.println(buffer);
}

void printIPAddress()
{
Serial.print(“My IP address: “);
for (byte thisByte = 0; thisByte < 4; thisByte++) {
// print the value of each byte of the IP address:
lcd.print(Ethernet.localIP()[thisByte], DEC);
Serial.print(Ethernet.localIP()[thisByte], DEC);
if (thisByte < 3) { //dont dot if last octet
lcd.print(“.”);
Serial.print(“.”);
}
}

Serial.println();
}

void lcdPrintSecondsQuad(int digit)
/* A ten percent reduction in input voltage
will cause the lower bound to drop by ten.
This sketch is calibrated for ~4.9-5.1v
using the linksprite LCD shield. */
{
if (digit < 10)
{ // 9s
lcd.print(” “);
lcd.print(digit, DEC);
lcd.print(“s”);
}
else if (digit < 100)
{ // 99s // 10s
lcd.print(” “);
lcd.print(digit, DEC);
lcd.print(“s”);
}
else if (digit < 1000)
{ //999s //100s
lcd.print(digit, DEC);
lcd.print(“s”);
}
else if (digit > 999)
{ //1000s
lcd.print(digit, DEC);
}
}

Links to guides for some of the projects i’ve tried:

  • Raspberry ambilight clone for Raspbmc/OSMC (Kodi on Linux) – Hyperion Project:

    WS2812b leds providing ambilight like backwash

  • Raspberry pi hardware watchdog timer (reboot on crash using kernel module, only requires raspberry pi, no external hardware) – Raspberry pi Watchdog timer

Ps sorry this post is long and a bit rambly, it was written across a few years!

PPS if anyone knows how to get wordpress to display C++/Arduino sketches nicely with syntax highlighting etc, please let me know in the comments!

Arduino Variable Types Explained

Here’s something for reference.
I can never find just quite the succinct reference to Arduino Variable types. Nowhere could i find a list of minimum and maximum values, the bits, and the memory used by each variable type.

Neither was there any clear definition of meaning of ‘unsigned’, which just means no plus or minus signs in this type – that is all numbers positive. This increases the highest number that can be stored in the same memory. (thank me in the comments).

Usage Variable type Bits Min value Max value Ram usage Comments
common boolean 8 TRUE FALSE 1 byte
common byte 8 0 255 1 byte
char 8 -128 127 1 byte  A single ‘character’ e.g. ‘a’ is a single char.  Represented by chr(65) or the binary: 01000001
word 16 0 65535 2 byte
common int 16 -32768 32767 2 byte
unsigned long 32 0 4,294,967,295 4 byte
common long 32 -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 4 byte
common float 32 -3.4028235E+38 3.4028235E+38 4 byte
The below types are only included for compatibility or further study.
redundant unsigned char 8 0 255  1 byte use byte instead
redundant unsigned int 16 0 65535  2 bytes use word instead
redundant double 32 -3.4028235E+38  3.4028235E+38  4 bytes use float instead
The below types are special types (see arduino.cc)
special string variable  1 byte + x An array of chars
(used for storing strings to modify)
special enum variable  N/A Like boolean but custom fixed set of values allowed instead of TRUE/FALSE.
special struct variable  N/A Public sub variables
(as if you’d made a public class)
special pointer  N/A I’ll be honest, I wasn’t sure the use of this one. Here for completeness though!
Source: https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/data-types-in-arduino
Source: https://playground.arduino.cc/Code/DatatypePractices
Remark: “Unsigned” means no negative sign. This increases the range of positive numbers available.
Remark: Unsigned variables that exceed their capacity roll over back to zero. This could be useful to iterate through arrays of limited length

PPS If anyone can figure out how to properly format this table so it looks nice, with ‘center’ aligned text, please let me know wordpress was being frustrating!

(The formatting css is in the source, see the table tag)